Unit testing is a method of testing individual units or components of a software application to ensure they function as expected. In Python, the unittest module is a built-in testing framework that provides tools to create and run tests. This framework is part of the Python standard library and is
While there has been speculation and discussions surrounding Python 4, as of now, there is no official release date or confirmed roadmap for a version labeled "Python 4.0." Python's core development team has focused on incremental, backward-compatible changes in the 3.x series rather than
Python 3.15 introduces several new features and optimizations that enhance language flexibility, performance, and developer ergonomics. Below is a deeper dive into the key changes with code snippets to demonstrate their usage.
While basic CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations are essential for most applications, complex queries are often required to handle more sophisticated data retrieval and manipulation. SQLAlchemy provides robust support for writing complex SQL queries, making it easier to interact with the database using Pythonic code. In this section, we’
In any application, as the business logic and requirements evolve, so does the structure of the database. New tables may need to be added, existing tables might need to be modified, and certain data models might need to be deprecated. Database migrations are essential to manage these changes over time,
In this section, we will learn how to build a simple CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) API using SQLAlchemy to interact with a PostgreSQL database. We'll use FastAPI, a modern web framework for building APIs in Python, alongside SQLAlchemy for managing the database operations. The goal is to
SQLAlchemy is a popular and powerful Python library used for interacting with relational databases such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite. It provides a high-level interface that allows developers to interact with databases in a more Pythonic way, without writing raw SQL. SQLAlchemy supports both the Object Relational Mapping (ORM) and
Docker is a powerful platform that allows you to develop, deploy, and run applications inside containers. Containers are lightweight, portable, and consistent environments that make it easy to run software across different platforms. Docker is often used to simplify the process of setting up and running databases like PostgreSQL in
In Python's asynchronous programming, coroutines and the event loop are core concepts that enable efficient multitasking within a single thread. Coroutines are special functions that can be paused and resumed at certain points, while the event loop manages the execution of these coroutines, scheduling them to run one
Asynchronous programming allows a program to perform non-blocking operations, which means it can execute other tasks while waiting for slow operations (such as I/O tasks) to complete. In Python, asyncio is a library that provides tools to write concurrent code using the async/await syntax. It enables programs to
The multiprocessing module in Python provides a powerful interface for running tasks in parallel by creating separate processes, each with its own memory space. Unlike multithreading, where threads share the same memory and are limited by Python's Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), multiprocessing bypasses the GIL, allowing true parallelism,
We will explore the differences between multithreading and multiprocessing, discuss their use cases, explain how Python’s Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) affects them, and provide practical examples of both approaches.